decentralization, 241–243, 249, 252–254, 265–267

decline (defined), 18

demography

demographic disequilibrium, 105

demographic-migration dynamic, 20, 53

demographic transition, 18

demographic trends, 87

double negative demographic disequilibrium, 20, 103, 115

and local economies, 87

and rail transport, 137

second demographic transition, 18

tempo effect, 101

third demographic transition, 19

dependency ratio, 427–428

Depopulated Areas Emergency Measures Law (kaso chiiki taisaku kinkyu sochih), 248

Depopulated Areas Special Promotion Law (kaso chiiki shink tokubetsu sochih), 248

depopulation

complexity of, 19–20

new type, 46–49

old type, 45–47

development

defined, 18

factors, 390–393

foothold development approach, 87

regional development theory, 267

dichotomised corporate model, 88

disparity (inter-regional), 87–91

economics of peripherality, 123–124

economy

contemporary circumstance, 26–30

and demographic trends, 87–91

dualism, 89

local economies, 87–91

period of high–speed economic growth, 85

Eco-Tourism Association (ETA), 369

Ehime Prefecture, 163

employment

nonregular, 29

service sector, 28

shift in, 27

sustainable employment, 29, 327–335

technological impact, 28

See also Kchi Prefecture

engai (monkey damage), 168

Environmental Agency, 407

European Union (EU)

birth rates, 41

demographic characteristics, 43

immigration, 41

new-type depopulation, 46–49

old-type depopulation, 45–47

expressway, 375

fertility (population shrinkage), 5, 25, 43, 65, 132, 294, 297, 428

foreigners

Brazilians, 278–281

brides, 285–292

Chinese, 281–282, 353

manual workers, 275–289

nikkeijin, 275–277

students, 277–281

trainees, 275, 282–285