1. Donald Rothchild, “Changing Racial Stratification and Bargaining Styles: The Kenya Experience,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 7 (1973): 420.

2. Martin L. Kilson, Jr., “Land and Politics in Kenya: An Analysis of African Politics in a Plural Society,” Western Political Quarterly 10 (1957): 559–562.

3. Great Britain, Indians in Kenya, Cmd 1922 (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office [HMSO], 1923), 10.

4. Ibid., 11.

5. Ibid., 14. See also Robert M. Maxon, Struggle for Kenya: The Loss and Reassertion of Imperial Initiative, 1912–1923 (London: Associated University Presses, 1993), 276–277.

6. Great Britain, Joint Select Committee on Closer Union in East Africa: Volume I Report (London: HMSO, 1931), 15, 41. Michael D. Callahan, “The Failure of ‘Closer Union’ in British East Africa,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 25 (1997): 285–286.

7. George Bennett, Kenya: A Political History (Nairobi: Oxford University Press, 1963), 76.

8. Carl G. Rosberg, Jr., “Political Conflict and Change in Kenya,” in Transition in Africa: Studies in Political Adaptation, ed. Gwendolen M. Carter and William O. Brown (Boston: African Research and Studies Program, Boston University, 1958), 91–92.

9. The figures are taken from Republic of Kenya, Kenya Population Census, 1962, vol. 4 (Nairobi: Ministry of Economic Planning and Development, 1966), 41.

10. Ibid., 5. Of the Asian population in 1948, 87% resided in urban areas. For the 1962 census, the percentage was 93. For Europeans, in contrast, 57% resided in urban areas in 1948 and 63% in 1962. R. A. Obudho and Rose A. Obudho, “The Colonial Urban Development Through Space and Time, 1895–1963,” in An Economic History of Kenya, ed. W. R. Ochieng’ and R. M. Maxon (Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers, 1992), 152–154.

11. Republic of Kenya, Kenya Population Census, 1962, vol. 4, 57–58. 89% of the Arab population lived in the then Coast Province.

12. Newell M. Stultz, “Multiracial Voting and Nonracial Politics in Colonial East and Central Africa,” Phylon 33 (1972): 67. See also Y. P. Ghai and J. P. W. McAuslan, Public Law and Political Change in Kenya (Nairobi: Oxford University Press, 1970), 66. Gwendolen Carter viewed multiracialism as