Duverger’s Law (continued) See also unit rule; winner-take-all, 174, 179, 182

Edwards, John, 29, 87–88, 107–109, 125

elector feeling thermometers

2004 Electoral College, 107–110

2008 Electoral College, 151–156, 159

elector independence, 6, 12–13, 22, 25, 28, 32–33, 38–39, 43–46, 71, 102, 114, 175, 178, 181, 183–184

elector lobbying, 4, 9, 11–12, 15–16, 18, 32, 38–42, 173, 176, 181–182

in 1960, 40–41, 45

in 1976, 41, 45

in 2000, 42, 54–55, 58, 60, 68, 71–72, 76, 81

in 2004, 91, 96–99, 114–115

in 2008, 9–11, 119–120, 133, 139–144, 159–162, 166–167

elector pledges See also bound electors, 28–31, 50, 97–100, 114, 141, 143, 145, 178

Electoral College

arguments against, 12, 26, 171–173

arguments for, 168–171

procedure, 22–28, 148, 172

Electoral Count Act of 1887, 5, 180

faithless electors, 6–8, 12–19, 21, 23, 25, 29–47, 51, 53–54, 71, 74, 81, 98–101, 104, 106–107, 110–116, 119–120, 138, 140, 142–150, 156, 158–160, 163, 166–169, 173–184

Bailey, Lloyd, 45–46

Irwin, Henry, 31, 40–41, 45–46

faithless electors (continued)

Leach, Margaret, 31, 45–46

Lett–Simmons, Barbara, 31, 45–46

Padden, Mike, 31, 45–46

Parks, Preston, 45–46

Macbride, Roger, 45–46

Miles, Samuel, 29–30, 32

Turner, W.F., 31, 45–46

faithless votes

1796, 29–30, 32

1820, 30–31

1872, 30, 181

1912, 30, 181

1956, 31, 44–46

1960, 31, 40, 44–46

1976, 31, 41, 44–46

1988, 31, 44–47, 159

2000, 29, 31–32, 38, 42, 44–47

2004, 29, 36, 38

Federal Elections Commission, 11, 87

Federalist, 68, 5, 31, 38, 176

Federalists, 24, 170

financial contributions of electors

in 2000, 63–74, 76–78, 81–82, 91, 133

in 2004, 91–96, 103–106, 111–113, 115, 133

in 2008, 133–139, 146–151, 158–161

Fisher, Lee, 23

Florida recounts, 7–8, 12, 54, 58–60, 72, 74–80, 104, 166

Ford, Gerald, 31, 41

Founding Fathers See also Framers, 6, 22, 24, 38–39, 60, 170, 183

Framers See also Founding Fathers, 6, 22, 24, 38–39, 60, 170, 183