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12. Lynn Hunt, “Politics and the French Revolution,” in The Invention of Pornography; Obscenity and the Origins of Modernity,1500-1800, ed. Lynn Hunt (New York: Zone Books, 1993), 301-340; Robert Darnton, The Literary Underground of the Old Regime (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).

13. Landes, Visualizing the Nation.

14. Agulhon, Marianne au combat; Maurice Agulhon, Marianne au pouvoir; l'imagerie et la symbolique républicaine de 1880 à 1914 (Paris: Flammarion, 1989); and Agulhon, Les Métamorphoses de Marianne.

15. Françine Muel-Dreyfus, Vichy et l'éternel féminin: Contribution à une sociologie politique de l'ordre des corps (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1996).

16. See Alison Moore, Sexual Myths of Modernity; Sadism, Masochism and Historical Teleology (Lanham: Lexington, 2013).

17. George L. Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modern Europe (Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985).

18. See Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (London: Routledge, 1995); Anne McClintock, Aamir Mufti, and Ella Shohat eds., Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation and Postcolonial Perspectives (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997); Philippa Levine, ed., Gender and Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The ‘Manly Englishman’ and the ‘Effeminate Bengali’ in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995); and Barbara Caine and Glenda Sluga, Gendering European History (London: Continuum, 2004), 87–116.

19. See Virgili, La France ‘virile’; Also Annette Warring, Tyskerpiger: under besættelse og retsopgør (København: Gyldendal, 1994).

20. Christopher Forth, The Dreyfus Affair and the Crisis of French Masculinity (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2004); Robert A. Nye, Masculinity and Male Codes of Honor in Modern France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); Judith Surkis, Sexing the Citizen; Morality and Masculinity in France, 1870-1920 (Cornell University Press, 2006); Charlotte Hooper, Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, and Gender Politics (New York; Columbia University Press, 2001); Karen Hagemann, Ida Blom, and Catherine Hall, eds., Gendered Nations: Nationalisms and Gender Order in the Long Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford Berg, 2000); Karen Hagemann, Stefan Dudink, and John Tosh, eds., Masculinities in Politics and War: Gendering Modern History (Manchester: