1. See Mitchell, “What Is an Image,” in Iconology: Images, Text, Ideology (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986), 7–46.

2. Ibid., 14.

3. Yee, “Cartography in China,” The History of Cartography (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), vol. 2, book 2, 128.

4. Ibid., 127.

5. Ibid., 96–127, and particular 109–110: “…Traditional Chinese cartography is marked by the coexistence of two major tendencies. These two tendencies can be termed measurational (or more broadly, observational) and textualist. The latter strand can be seen as having two aspects: first, a reliance on texts as sources of information in the compiling of maps and, second, a reliance on text to complement the presentation of information in maps.”

6. Tian, Visionary Journeys: Travel Writings from Early Medieval and Nineteenth-Century China (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2012), 22.

7. Ibid., 22.

8. Ibid., 22.

9. Ibid., 4–5.

10. See Yi-fu Tuan, Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001; first print 1977), 3–5. Tuan’s differentiation of space and place in this book is developed from a similar argument in his earlier article, “Space and Place: Humanistic Perspective,” in C. Board, R.J. Chorley, P. Haggett, and D.R. Stoddart, eds., Progress in Geography, 1974, vol. 6, 211–252.

11. Tuan, Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience, 54.

12. Tim Cresswell, Place A Short Introduction, 10. For example, Tim Unwin notices that in Henri Lefebvre’s The Production of Space, the canonical work on the theory of social space, there is no clear, coherent and consistent differentiation between the notion of space and place. For Lefebvre, space refers to social space, but as Unwin points out, on one level, “The production of space can be seen as espousing the radical thesis that all space is produced.” Tim Unwin, “A Waste of Space? Towards a Critique of the Social Production of Space,” in Transaction of the Institute of British Geographers, vol. 25, no. 1 (2000), 11–29, and 26 in particular.