Makita Tairyō, 7, 26–27, 29, 31, 58–60, 62–64, 66, 70, 76, 91–92, 94, 117–118, 133, 141, 156, 186, 195, 200, 207, 215, 238, 243, 258, 263, 269, 284, 298, 340, 342–343, 350, 357, 359–361, 372–373, 384, 433–434, 438, 449–450, 472, 482, 494, 496, 498, 512–513, 529, 535–536, 564–565, 618

Maṇi, 605, 609–611

Manichaeism, 369, 389, 606, 610–611

Medicine Buddha, 515, 518

meditation and contemplation techniques, 247

military commanders (jiedu shi), 12, 61, 67, 357, 432, 434, 548, 580

mind to mind transmission, 31, 258

Ming, Emperor, 115, 124, 128, 130, 132, 135, 138, 141–142, 173, 184, 615, 627, 629, 631

Mingdi, Emperor, 336, 341, 392

Mingzong, Emperor, 78, 284, 476, 483

Miscellany of the Abhidharma Vibhāsā (Za Pitanposha), 169

Mo, Emperor, 77

monastic garments, 182

color of, 177–178, 186

footwear, 179

monastic rules, 165–166, 192, 250, 255, 266, 296, 437, 472

Muzong, Emperor, 355, 360, 404, 460, 501, 510, 580

muyi, Emperor, 607, 611

Nāgārjuna, 28, 171, 519

Nanhai jigui zhuan (A Record, 149, 179, 308, 398, 549

New Text school, 28, 68–69

New Year, 109, 118, 438, 556, 628, 631

Lighting Lanterns on the Fifteenth Day of the First Month (i.e., New Year), 627

nirvāṇa, 35, 49, 72, 108, 296, 391

Nirvāṇa sūtra (Niepan jing), 72, 391

non-Buddhist learning, 19, 26, 29–30, 33

nuns, 18, 75, 83, 87, 94, 142, 173, 189, 197–198, 200–201, 207, 209, 215, 225–226, 293, 298, 314, 326, 336, 338–339, 343, 347, 364, 369–370, 399, 405, 410–413, 415–421, 425, 431, 433–434, 442–444, 453, 458–459, 464, 466, 472, 505, 529, 532–533, 537, 554, 556, 567–569, 572–573, 577–578, 595, 600–601

attention given to nuns, 84

Old Text school, 28, 69

Office for the Clarification of Buddhist Profundities, 293, 298, 351, 354, 358–360, 364, 380, 383–384, 399, 405, 415–416, 421, 428–429, 470

official ranks, 369, 521, 523

officials assigned to various positions, 2, 4–5, 28, 48, 70, 73, 81, 83, 98, 334, 342, 369, 397, 399, 416, 421, 427–428, 435, 529, 610

official status. See Buddhist Five Ranks

Ohrmazd (Ahura Mazda), 605–606, 609, 611

ordinations, 3, 189–190, 193, 197–198, 200, 298, 326, 535–537, 567, 569, 572, 577, 594

ordaining monks for financial profit

ordination certificates, 2, 94