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15. Bagley, “The Beginnings of the Bronze Age,” 70.

16. Bagley, Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections, 44.

17. Ibid., 20, note 2.

18. Mattusch, Enduring Bronze, 76.

19. As Mattusch describes, “from a single original model, more than one bronze can be cast” by the indirect lost-wax process. Mattusch calls this operation “serial production”; it routinely produced utilitarian objects in ancient Greece. See Mattusch, Classical Bronzes, 18.

20. See Mattusch, Greek Bronze Statuary, 20; Mattusch, Classical Bronzes, 10, 18.

21. As Mattusch points out, Statue A has a wide, vigorous face framed by a great mass of loose and imposing curls. By comparison, the head of statue B is longer and narrower, the face older and less aggressive, with the hair and moustache shorter and more contained, and the beard longer but less curly. Statue A is more robust with distinct blocks of muscles and prominent veins, exhibiting vigor and strength. Statue B’s body, on the other hand, is slightly more slender and flatter, with less compelling musculature. See Mattusch, Greek Bronze Statuary, 202–205; Mattusch, Classical Bronzes, 64, 194, 221.

22. Robert Bagley, personal communication, August 2014.