76. See Zhang, “Panlongcheng Shangdai Qingtong Rongqi de Chubu Kaocha,” 46–47; Liu et al., “Jishu Xuanze he Jishu Fengge de Xingcheng,” 208.

77. Meyers, “Casting Technology in Cambodia and Related Southeast Asian Civilizations,” 40–41, note 23. As Su noted, Rutherford J. Gettens, an early discoverer of spacers, also inconsistently used the terms “spacer” and “chaplet” to refer to the same thing in The Freer Chinese Bronzes (“Ershi Shiji dui Xianqin Qingtong Liqi Zhuzao Jishu de Yanjiu,” 433).

78. The Anyang Period (c. 1200–1050 BCE) began when the site known as Yin or Yinxu (“the Ruins of Yin”), located near the later walled city of Anyang, became an important city, corresponding to late Phase 1 and early Phase 2 of Yinxu in pottery seriation. See Bagley, “Shang Archaeology,” 181. Compared to the horizon of Erligang, which might be regarded as a “territorial state,” decentralization clearly occurred later during the Transition period (13^th century BCE) as well as the following Anyang period. Because the king list of the “Shang” or “Shang dynasty” (real or mythical) recorded by the later historian Sima Qian (c. 145 or 135–86/85 BCE) was partially found in the Anyang oracle inscriptions, Anyang is usually associated with the “Shang” or “Late Shang,” although the association of archaeological materials and received texts still calls for special caution. For details, see Bagley, “Shang Archaeology,” 125; Schaberg, “Texts and Artifacts,” 473; and Baines, “Civilizations and Empires,” 100.

79. Bagley, “Anyang Mold-making and the Decorated Model,” 44. Earlier but more detailed descriptions can be found in Bagley, Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections, 37–45; and Bagley, “Shang Ritual Bronzes,” 7–19.

80. Against this “consensus view,” Nickel argued that “undecorated models” were unchangeably in use “throughout the Bronze Age,” and that “decoration was always applied directly to the outer mold and was usually designed in a way that would fit the mold sections.” Nickel has mainly provided two reasons, what he calls “imperfect symmetry” in bronze ornament, and what he considers the insurmountable difficulty of decoration transfer from model to mold (“Imperfect Symmetry,”11–35). Bagley is a critic of Nickel’s view (“Anyang Mold-making and the Decorated Model”).

81. Soon after Nickel’s publication, Dong Yawei made a similar argument about the use of undecorated models. Dong further proposed the adoption of “fractional models” in section-mold casting from the beginning of Bronze Age China. For instance, for a jia associated with the Erlitou