1. For a description of the lost-wax process, see Hemingway, “Bronze Sculpture,” 37–46; Mattusch, Greek Bronze Statuary, 10–30; Mattusch, Classical Bronzes, 1–34.

2. For a description of the section-mold process, see Bagley, “Shang Ritual Bronzes,” 7–20.

3. Karlbeck, “Anyang Moulds,” 39–60.

4. Bagley, Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections, 37, 44.

5. Gettens, “Joining Methods in the Fabrication of Ancient Chinese Bronze Ceremonial Vessels,” 205–217.

6. E.g., Fairbank, “Piece-mold Craftsmanship and Shang Bronze Design,” 18–32; Smith, A Search for Structure, 128–135, 258–270.

7. See Guo, Shangzhou Tongqiqun Zonghe Yanji, 124; Hua, “Shilafa de Qiyuan he Fazhan,” 63–81.

8. For a comprehensive review of this debate, see Peng, “Was Lost-wax Casting Adopted in Pre-Qin Chinese Bronze Art?” 103–109.

9. For convenience, the hanzi characters of the provincial-level administrative divisions in contemporary China (e.g., Hubei) shall not be provided in the Character Glossary of the book. For locations of Chinese provincial divisions, see figure 1.

10. Robert Bagley, personal communication, September 2014.

11. Bagley, Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections, 44.

12. Robert Bagley, personal communication, August 2014.