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Notes
1. Cited in Guo Qingfan 郭慶藩, Zhuangzi jishi 莊子集釋 (Collected explanations of the Zhuangzi), 4 vols. (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1961) juan 10b, 4:1102. The comment appears in the section titled “Tianxia” 天下 (All under Heaven).
2. We are well aware, of course, as are our contributors, that the names of these countries and culture areas are also arbitrary and employed simply for convenience. To give one example, the names for various parts of modern-day Vietnam fluctuated substantially over time. From 1054 to 1400 and from 1428 to 1804, the “Vietnamese” called their land Đại Việt (大越; lit. Great Việt) and thereafter generally Việt Nam 越南 or Đại Nam (大南). But they also used Chinese terms for their country, including Nanyue 南越 (Vietnamese: Nam Việt); Jiaozhi 交趾 or 交阯 (Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ); and Annan 安南 (Vietnamese: An Nam). Moreover, at certain times, “Vietnamese” rulers referred to their country as the “Middle Kingdom” 中國 and the Vietnamese people as the “Han people” 漢人 (Vietnamese: Hán người), even though these terms usually referred to “China” and “the Chinese people,” respectively.
3. In our introduction to this volume, and in its constituent chapters, we and our contributors have generally used the term “culture” to denote the customs, beliefs, social norms, institutions, and material products of a given racial, religious, or social group. By contrast, our discussions of “civilization” generally imply a high degree of cultural sophistication or attainment, particularly in such areas as philosophy, religion, art, literature, and music.
4. See Wang Yong, “Dialogues of Silence,” Korea Research Institute Annual Report 韓国研究センター年報 17 (March 31, 2017): 28–42, https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/opac_download_md/2004991/p028.pdf.
5. For examples of this usage, see Victor H. Mair, “Buddhism and the Rise of the Written Vernacular in East Asia: The Making of National Languages,” Journal of Asian Studies 53, no. 3 (August 2010): 707–751; William Scott Wells, From Center to Periphery: The Demotion of Literary Sinitic and the Beginnings of Hanmunkwa—Korea, 1876–1910 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 2011); and Peter Kornicki, Languages, Scripts, and Chinese Texts in East Asia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018).