13. A romanized script, Quốc Ngữ, was introduced by the French cleric Alexandre de Rhodes in the mid-seventeenth century and a modified version of it is still in use today.

14. Much of the following discussion has been drawn from or inspired by the excellent scholarship of Professor Ng. See, in particular his Yixue dui Dechuan Riben di yingxiang 易學對德川日本的影響 (The influence of Changes studies in Tokugawa Japan) (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2009); and his Dong Ya Yixue shilun, 116–193. In English, see his “The Hollyhock and the Hexagrams: The I Ching in Tokugawa Thought and Culture” (PhD diss., Princeton University, 1996); and his The I Ching in Tokugawa Thought and Culture (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2000).

15. For these statistics, see Ng, “The Hollyhock,” 30–36. See also Ng’s “The Hollyhock,” 338–382 (on Tokugawa authors, their works, and their intellectual affiliations); 383–391 (on Tokugawa-era reprints of Yijing commentaries); and 392–400 (on Chinese commentaries on the Yijing imported into Tokugawa Japan).

16. See Abe, Nihon Shushigaku to Chōsen, 311.

17. Ōba Osamu 大庭修, Edo jidai no Nit-Chū hiwa 江戶時代の日中秘話 (A record of Sino-Japanese relations in the Edo period) (Tōkyō: Tōhō Shoten, 1980); Don Baker, “Confucianism and Civilization: Tasan Chŏng Yagyong’s Views of Japan, the Ryukyus, and Tsushima,” Korean Studies 40 (2016): 43–57; and Takemura, Ito, and Eto, “Textual Criticism and Exegesis,” esp. 113–115.

18. Xinyu Chen, “The Hexagrams of the Yijing (Book of Changes) in Historical Studies—Li Zhi’s Jiuzheng Yiyin,” in Ming Qing Studies 2013, ed. Paolo Santangelo (Rome: ARACNE, 2013), 47–70.

19. Banzan also sought to link the symbols of the Changes with Japan’s Shinto mythology. See Ng, “The Hollyhock,” 131–133.

20. See Samuel Hideo Yamashita, “The Early Life and Thought of Itō Jinsai,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 43, no. 2 (December 1983): 453–480.

21. For a contemporary evaluation of this work, see Chen Weijin 陳威瑨, “Itō Tōgai Shūeki kyōyoku tsukai di zhengzhi yiyi” 伊藤東涯《周易經翼通解》的政治意義 (The political significance of Itō Tōgai’s A thorough explanation of the basic text and [Ten] Wings of the Zhou Changes), Zhongguo xueshu niankan 38 (Autumn 2016): 1–28.

22. For the similar but not identical views of Tōgai’s son, Itō Zenshō 伊藤善韶 (1730–1804), see Iulian K. Shchutskii, Researches on the I Ching, trans. William MacDonald and Tsuyoshi Hasegawa (Princeton, NJ: Princeton