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Periphery? The Qing Empire’s Relations with Japan and the Ryukyus (1644–c. 1800), a Comparison,” The Medieval History Journal 16, no. 1 (2013): 139–196. Cf. Pin-tsun Chang, “The Rise of Chinese Mercantile Power in Maritime Southeast Asia, c. 1400–1700,” Crossroads: Studies on the History of Exchange Relations in the East Asian World 6 (2012): 205–230. See also notes 15–20 to this introduction.
15. These policies were designated “maritime interdictions” (haijin 海禁) in Ming and Qing China.
16. See Ōba Osamu’s 大庭修, Edo jidai no Nit-Chū hiwa 江戶時代の日中秘話 (A record of Sino-Japanese relations in the Edo period) (Tokyo: Tōhō Shoten, 1980). Joshua A. Fogel has translated this book in eleven parts in the journal Sino-Japanese Studies. For specific references, see part 2 of Smith, “The Transnational Travels of Geomancy in Premodern East Asia.” A Chinese edition of Ōba’s work was published in Beijing by the Zhonghuan shuju 中華書局 in 1997. For the figure of Chinese crew members, see Ōba, “Sino-Japanese Relations in the Edo Period,” part 2, esp. p. 52.
17. For details on Japanese-Korean commercial relations, see Robert Hellyer, Defining Engagement: Japan and Global Contexts, 1640–1868 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2010); Mizuno, “China in Tokugawa Foreign Relations,” 108–144; and Bongjin Kim, “Rethinking of the Pre-Modern East Asian Region Order,” Journal of East Asian Studies 2, no. 2 (August 2002): 67–101, esp. 87–88. According to Kim, “throughout the Tokugawa period the bakufu was obliged to transact its business either through the visiting Korean emissaries in Edo or through Tsushima, whose daimyo 大名 (hereditary lord) was designated as the shogun’s agent in the management of Korean affairs.”
18. See the sources cited in note 13 to this introduction and Tana Li, “The Imported Book Trade and Confucian Learning in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Vietnam,” in New Perspectives on the History and Historiography of Southeast Asia Continuing Explorations, ed. Michael Arthur Aung-Thwin and Kenneth R. Hall (London: Routledge, 2011), 167–182.
19. See notes 14–16 and 22–24 to this introduction. For other scholarly work bearing on this topic, see Gang Zhao, The Qing Opening to the Ocean: Chinese Maritime Policies, 1684–1757 (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2013); Ronald C. Po, “Mapping Maritime Power and Control: A Study of the Late Eighteenth Century Qisheng yanhai tu (A coastal map of the seven provinces),” Late Imperial China 37, no. 2 (2016): 93–136;