| Chapter 6: | New and Old Elements on the Centrality of Self |
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71. Li Zhi, Yu Jiao Ruohou Taishi 與焦弱侯太史, in Xu Fenshu, 1: 16, and Yu Jiao Ruohou 與焦弱侯, in Fenshu, 1: 4. For kuang, see also Yu Youren Shu 與友人書, in Fenshu, 2: 75.
72. Li Zhi, Cangshu. Ruchen Zhuan 儒臣傳, Deye Ruchen 德業儒臣, Meng Ke 孟軻, Fu Yue Ke lun 附樂克論, 32: 521. Cf. also Li Zhi’s admiration for the idealized and heroic figure of He Xinyin (He Xinyin Lun, Fenshu, 3:88).
73. A similar contrast, but with a different spirit, is made with regard to the Donglin followers, as described by McMorran (“Wang Fu-chih and Neo-Confucian Tradition,” 428–431). Other attacks against the xiangyuan were launched by Gu Yuncheng 顧允成 (1554–1607) and Qian Yiben 錢一本 (1539–1610).
74. This movement has been broadly studied. See Chaves, “The Expression of Self in the Kung-an School”; Gōyama, “Kōrōmu ni Okeru Nyonin Sūhai Shisō to Sono Genryū,” and “Min Shin Jidai ni Okeru Jōshi to Sono Bungaku”; Guo Yingde, Chiqing yu Huanmeng; Wai-yee Li, Enchantment and Disenchantment, and “The Rhetoric of Spontaneity”; Martin Huang, “Sentiments of Desire: Thoughts on the Cult of Qing in Ming-Qing Literature,” 23–56, and “‘Bian Er Chai,’” 41–66; Wang Kang, Langman Qinggan yu Zongjiao Jingshen; Richard Wang, “The Cult of ‘Qing’” (see section “The Ethos of Qing in the Late Ming Period”); Anthony Yu, Rereading the Stone. 80–108; Santangelo, “Emotions and the Origin of Evil,” 184–316, and “Reconsidering the ‘Cult of qing’ in Late Imperial China” 133–163; and Shi Hualuo, “Zhongguo yu Ouzhou ‘Aiqing.’” The ideal of such bold and unconventional hero is appreciated in Mei Guozhen’s preface to Li Zhi’s Cangshu (see esp. p. 3, Mei xu 梅序).
75. “木之有癭，石之有鴝鵒眼，皆病也。然是二物者，卒以此見貴於世” (Bing 病, in Zhang Dafu, Meihua Caotang Bitan, 3: 235–256)
76. Feng Menglong, Gujin Tan’gai, Shi 石, 9: 324.
77. “生平賣不盡是癡，生平醫不盡是癖，湯太史云：人不可無癡，袁石公云：人不可無癖，則癡正不必賣，癖正不必醫也” (cited in Gōyama, “Kōrōmu ni Okeru Nyonin Sūhai Shisō to Sono Genryū,” 92).
78. “花不可以無蝶，山不可以無泉 […] 人不可以無癖.” Zhang Chao, Youmeng Ying 幽梦影 [Quiet dream shadows], cited in Qiu Deliang, “Pishi Wenhua,” 94.
79. See Wu Pei-yi, The Confucian’s Progress; de Bary “Neo-Confucian Cultivation and the Seventeenth-Century Enlightenment,” 178–188; Taylor, “Neo-Confucianism, Sagehood and the Religious Dimension,” 389–415; and “The Centered Self,” 266–283. See also Greenbaum, Chen Jiru.