| Chapter 1: | Two Cases of Heroism and Intolerance |
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13. Gangmu Shizheng Xu 綱目是正序, Quwei Zhai Wenji, 5: 59b (in Siku Cunmu, 161 ji 集. 158), cited in Yu and Fang, “Ming Chu Zhu Jiyou Xianshu Yi An Shimo jiqi Yinxiang,” 72.
14. Just a few decades later, in 1712, Zhu Xi was consacrated in Confucius’ temple and thereby placed at the same level of the great sages of antiquity (Ono, “Jukyō Ideologi ni Okeru Seitō to Itan,” 387).
15. “然宋儒，今之堯、舜、周、孔也。韓愈辟佛，幾至殺身，況敢議今世之堯、舜、周、孔者乎! 季友著書駁程、朱之說，發州決杖，況敢議及宋儒之學術、品詣者乎! 此言一出，身命之虞所必至也。然懼一身之禍而不言，委氣數于終誤，置民物于終壞，聽天地于終負，恐結舌安坐，不援溝瀆，與強暴、橫逆內人于溝瀆者，其忍心害理不甚相遠也[...]是以不避朱季友之罪而有存性、存学之说” (Cunxue Bian, juan 1 and 3. See Freeman’s translation in Yan Yuan. Preservation of Learning).
16. Brokaw, The Ledgers of Merit and Demerit, 13–27, 173–175. Jin Jiang’s article “Heresy and Persecution in Late Ming Society” (1–34) shows how the late Ming literati were able to pursue independence of the mind and enjoy relative autonomy from the state.
17. Cf. Li Zhi, Yu Zhou Youshan Shu 與周友山書, in Fenshu, juan 2, cited in Handler-Spitz, Symptoms of an Unruly Age, 83. As stated in Zhang Wenda’s memorial, Cai Yizhong 蔡毅中 (1548–1631), a student of Geng Dingxiang, was supposed to have supported the persecution against Li (Jin Jiang, “Heresy and Persecution in Late Ming Society,” 22).
18. Jin Jiang, “Heresy and Persecution in Late Ming Society,” 7. In Fenshu zengbu 1:259, Li Zhi confesses his promiscuous and licentious life in the pleasure quarters of Macheng (出入于花街柳市之间).
19. Pauline Lee, Li Zhi, Confucianism, and the Virtue of Desire, 9.
20. Geng Dingxiang soon emerged as one of the leaders of Wang Yangming school in central China and became very influential in Hubei. Passing the Jinshi in 1556, he was appointed as censon in 1559 and climbed the ladder of bureaucracy, becoming minister of finance. Although his family was not as eminent and did not have the kind of old money and pedigree as the Mei and Zhou old elite lineages, Geng’s influence was strong in the Macheng 麻城 (Hubei) area.
21. Jin Jiang, “Heresy and Persecution in Late Ming Society,” 10.
22. For a clear summary of arguments and comparison of the two positions, see Rowe, Crimson Rain, 99–100.