126. Sun Jiazhou, “Xian Qin rujia,” 44–49. Unlike filial piety, considered “the root of humaneness,” loyalty was subordinate to it. See Lee Cheuk Yin, “The Dichotomy of Loyalty and in Confucianism,” 96–103.

127. Chunqiu fanlu 春秋繁露, translated and quoted by Lee Cheuk Yin, “The Dichotomy of Loyalty and in Confucianism,” 104.

128. At the beginning of the “Classic of Filial Piety,” Xiaojing 孝經, it is stated:“Filiality commences with serving parents; it proceeds with serving the ruler; it is completed by the establishment of character” (夫孝，始於事親，中於事君，終於立身).

129. Xiaojing, Guang Yangming 廣揚名, 14.

130. Quoted by Lee Cheuk Yin, “The Dichotomy of Loyalty and in Confucianism,” 108.

131. See Lee Cheuk Yin, “The Dichotomy of Loyalty and in Confucianism,” 106–109.

132. Bauer, “Icherleben und Autobiographie im Älteren China,” 12–40. Hervouet (“L’Autobiographie dans la Chine Traditionelle,” 135) finds that the modesty expressed in speaking of one’s private life is a demonstration of Chinese writers’ impassibility in speaking of themselves. See Wright and Twitchett, Confucian Personalities, 35–37.

133. Gaozi Yishu 高子遺書, juan 3, in Siku Quanshu, Jibu, Biejilei, Ming Hongwu zhi Chongzhen 明洪武至崇禎, quoted by Huang Zongxi in Mingru Xue’an, 58: 625. Translated by Wu Pei-yi, The Confucian’s Progress, 132. See also Julia Ching, The Records of Ming Scholars, 236.

134. See, for instance, the “Sishu Yinwen” 四書因問 (juan 1, in Siku Quanshu, Jingbu, Sishulei) by Lü Nan 呂楠 (1479–1542), or Mingru Yanxinglu 明儒言行錄 (Xubian Juan Er 續編卷二, in Siku Quanshu, Shibu 史部, Chuanjilei 傳記類, Zonglu zhi Shu 總錄之屬), by Shen Jia 沈佳 (Kangxi reign) on Shao Rui 邵銳 (jinshi 1508), and Zixiji 字溪集 (juan 3, 8, and 12 in Siku Quanshu, Jibu, Biejilei, Nansong Jianyan zhi Deyou 南宋建炎至德祐), by Yang Fang 陽枋 (1187–1267). Taylor quotes a passage of autobiographical reflections by Hu Zhi that I mentioned in the previous paragraph, where we can see the tension of inner struggle: “[…] there were my many hatreds and desires. These three stabbed me within my breast; it was like a battle in which I was not long able to endure.” (Taylor, “Proposition and Praxis. 188).

135. Liaozhai Zhiyi, 11: 1474 (Ren Xiu).

136. Idema, ‘The Orphan of Zhao,” 175–176.

137. Ch’ien Chungshu, “Tragedy in Old Chinese Drama,” 42–43. A case of conflict between filial piety and losing face in front of one’s subjects is