The Local Economic Impact of Wal-Mart
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The Local Economic Impact of Wal-Mart By Michael J. Hicks

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Figure 5.2 Mean Number of Retail Firms in Iowa’s Counties,

117

Figure 5.3 Retail Employment and Retail’s Share in the United States,

119

Figure 5.4 Big-Box Distance to Residents by Population Density Ranges,

120

Figure 5.5 Productive and Allocative Efficiency Gains of Competition,

124

Figure 6.1 Retail Employment Turnover Rates in Select Pennsylvania Counties,

138

Figure 6.2 Iowa’s Retail Pull Factor,

142

Figure 6.3 U.S. Shipments of Consumer Goods, 1992–2006,

149

Figure 6.4 Manufacturing Employment in the United States (in thousands)

155

Figure 6.5 Output Per Hour Index and Compensation Index, U.S. Manufacturing,

153

Figure 6.6 Wal-Mart’s Profit Rate, 1968–2005,

155

Figure 6.7 Chain Store Expenses

156

Figure 6.8 Profit Rates for Wal-Mart and Levi Strauss,

158