15 Sr. Mary Fabian Matthews, “The Role of the Public School in the Assimilation of the Italian Immigrant Child in New York City, 1900-1914,” The Italian Experience in the United States, (Editors, Silvano M. Tomasi, Madeline H. Engel, C. M. S., Staten Island, New York, 1970, pp. 125-141.

16 Irwin L. Child, Italian or American, The Second Generation in Conflict, Russell and Russell, New York, 1943, pp. 40-41.

17 Leonard Covello, The Heart is the Teacher, p. 129.

18 LaGumina, The Immigrants Speak, Center for Migration Studies, Staten Island, New York, 1979, p. 72.

19 Luciano J. Iorizzo and Salvatore Mondello, The Italian Americans, Twayne Publishers, New York, 1980, p. 118.

20 Ralph Foster Weld, Brooklyn in America, AMS Press, Inc., New York, 1967, p. 141.

21 Mario Macaluso, Prickly Pears and Oleander, 1^st Books Library, 2002, p. 126.

22 New York Times, March 14, 1986. The article described the extraordinary number of judges and lawyers who claimed the Sicilian town of Santa Margherita di Belice as their ancestry.

23 Interview Mary LaGumina, 1974. My mother then went to services at non-Italian St. Barbara’s Catholic Church.

24 See Gaetano Salvemini, Italian Fascist Activities in the United States, Center for Migration Studies, 1977, pp. 228-229.

25 Nat Scammacca, Bye Bye America, Memories of a Sicilian American, Coop. Editrice Antigruppo Siciliano & Cross-Cultural Communications, Trapani, Italy, 1986, p. 41.

26 Donald Tricarico, The Italians of Greenwich Village, CMS, NY, 1984, p. 34. See also Eric Amfitheatrof, The Children of Columbus, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1973, p. 236).

27 John W. Jeffries, Wartime America, Ivan R. Dee, Chicago, 1996, p. 122.

28 Interview, Salvatore Finazzo May 31, 2003.

29 Francois Avenas, “Changes in the Italian Neighborhoods of Queens Between 1920 and 1990: Citizenship as One Facet of the Assimilation Process,” The Italian American Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, (Autumn/Winter 1996/1997), pp. 55-69.

30 Scammacca, Bye Bye America, p. 23.

31 Weld, Brooklyn in America, p. 137.

32 Humbert S. Nelli, “Italians in Urban America: A Study in Ethnic Adjustment,” International Migration Review, Vol. No. 3 pp. 38-55.

33 Weld, Brooklyn Is America, p. 136.