74 For extensive background see Mary Ann DeNino, “Ethnic and Political Consciousness in the New York Italian American Community, 1940-1944,” thesis, San Diego State University, 1980, p. 81.

75 See Charles Killinger, “Nazioni Unite and the Anti-Fascist Exiles in New York City, 1940-1946,” The Italian American Review, Vol 8, Number 1, Spring/Summer 2001, pp. 157-195.

76 DeNino, p. 88. See also Killinger, “Nazioni Unite and the Anti-Fascist Exiles in New York City, 1940-1946,” pp. 168-169.

77 David M. Kennedy, Freedom From Fear, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999, p. 395-7.

78 Charles Callan Tansill, Backdoor to War, Henry Regenery Company, Chicago, 1952, p. 239.

79 Fiorello B. Ventresco, “Italian Americans and the Ethiopian Crisis,” Italian Americana. Vol. 6 No 1, Fall/Winter 1980, 4-27.

80 Eleanor Clark. “The Italian Press in New York,: The New Republic. November 6, 1935, 356.

81 DeConde, Half Bitter, Half Sweet, An Excursion into Italian-American History, Charles Scribners Sons, New York, 1971,p. 219.

82 DeConde, Half Bitter, Half Sweet, pp. 218-219.

83 Sando Bologna, letter to Salvatore LaGumina, June 19, 1995.

84 Ventresco, pp. 14-16, 18-19, 20.

85 Robert A. Divine. The Illusion of Neutrality. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1962, 132.

86 Tansill, Backdoor to War, p. 246.

87 Divine, The Illusion of Neutrality, pp.150-151, Nadia Venturini, Neri e Italiani ad Harlem. Roma, Lavoro, p 129.

88 Arnold Schankman, “The Image of the Italian in the Afro American press 1886-1936,” Italian Americana. Vol. 4 No. 1, Fall/Winter 1976, 30-49.

89 New York Daily News, October 4, 1935.

90 New York Times, October, 4, 1945.

91 John Diggins. Mussolini and Fascism, p. 288.

92 Charles V. Hamilton. Adam Clayton Powell Jr., New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1991, 90.