societal ranks in prison, 50, 103n11, 235, 243

prison film, definition, 5

prison population, 3, 8, 21, 27, 31, 142, 235

in prison narratives, 8, 10, 50, 101, 109–119, 130, 149, 175, 180, 213

prison-like settings, 44, 52, 62, 64, 81, 89, 91, 95, 96, 98, 208, 220, 222, 236

prison metaphors (X IS PRISON), 3, 50, 52, 62

class as prison, 206–208

London as prison, 50–52, 96, 237

love as prison, 105n23

marriage as prison, 63, 74, 216

society as prison, 50, 52, 62, 63, 213–217

the world as a prison, 62, 217–222

prison narratives

as critical counter-discouse, 2, 40, 41, 56, 58, 61, 62, 99, 109–116, 129, 130, 163n7, 225n9, 230, 231

as pro-prison propaganda, 2, 4, 10, 19, 39, 45, 109–116, 157, 160, 186, 226n18, 244

prison novel, definition, 4, 5

prison rapists (coded as homosexuals), 137, 148, 176, 177, 179, 233

prison settings

differences between novels and films, 119–122, 240, 241

‘old’ prison scenario, 56, 119, 232, 234

‘new’ prison scenario, 119, 232

Prison Writings: My Life is My Sun Dance (Leonard Peltier), 245n2

prisoner-hero (see also identificatory figure), 2, 3, 101, 109, 110, 116, 117, 119, 130, 134, 145, 146, 174, 231, 233, 243

victimization of, 3, 118, 179, 233, 234, 243

as member of the white and heterosexual middle class, 3, 4, 116, 118, 119, 131, 132, 161, 179, 180, 233–235, 240, 243

Probst, Chris, 121, 135, 174

psychological imprisonment (see also mental confinement), 43, 53, 58, 59, 61, 66, 81–91, 93–97, 104n22, 107n42, 171, 184, 218, 230

Quakers, 23, 35n3

Quirk, Eugene F., 207

Quirke, Pauline, 48

racial skewing

in American prisons, 27, 36n10, 116, 163n8, 235

in British prisons, 116, 163n8

race in prison narratives, 3, 4, 10, 116–118, 148, 161, 163n10, 174, 179, 208–213, 232, 235, 243, 244

Rafter, Nicole, 114, 148, 173, 233, 241

Rathbone, Basil, 77

‘real’ criminals, role of, 2, 3, 10, 101, 110–112, 116, 117, 119, 131, 148, 161, 189, 234, 240, 244

Redford, Robert, 117, 121

reflector-mode narrative, 245n3

reform school, 22, 28

in prison narratives, 8, 120, 131, 133, 150, 152, 165n24, 191–193, 238

reformative prisons, 4, 17, 18, 101, 115, 116, 142, 157, 160, 161, 185, 186, 189, 193, 231

rehabilitation, 20, 27, 113–115, 123, 138, 163n7, 180–186, 193, 231