Figure 5-6. Austria, Germany, and Switzerland: combined elections from 1946 to 1987; relationship between party entropy and turnout with parabolic curve fitting.

162

Figure 5-7. U.K. election to the European parliament, 1994, turnout and political party entropy H(P) with turnout below 50% in all constituencies.

163

Figure 5-8. Russia, 1993, election to the Duma; parabolic relationship between turnout and political party entropy H(P) in a district-level analysis.

165

Figure 5-9. Japan, parliamentary election in 1990; linear relation between turnout and party entropy in prefectures.

171

Figure 5-10. Japan, showing variation in the linear relationship between turnout and party entropy over 17 parliamentary elections from 1947 to 1990 (back to front); a quadratic surface is fitted to prefecture data.

172

Figure 5-11. Peru, 1995, relationship between turnout and entropy for each voting choice: choice 1 for casting a valid ballot, choice 2 among parties.

174