economic disparity effect, 70

explanations, models, 22, 67, 69–71, 79

highest levels, 227

nonvoters, 170, 182

note, 13

spatial change, 208

(see also voting)

violence

aggravated assault, 109, 114, 115

civil wars, 214, 243, 246, 249, 253, 265

crime in Germany, 119

crime in Japan, 102, 118

homicide rates, 102, 115

lynching, 121

minorities as victims, 227, 228, 243, 244, 246, 252

U.S. violent crime rates, 115

(see also crime, genocide) voting civic duty norm, 67

closeness of election, 69

compulsory, 69, 142, 170

nonvoters, 170, 182

note, 13

party choice, theories, 17, 81, 130–133, 135, 140

party choice-turnout model, 135, 136

rational choice model (see rational choice) social cleavage (see social cleavages) spatial model, 189, 195, 208

spillover effect, 131, 133, 134, 138

Warwick, Paul, 164

Weimar Republic, 154, 159, 230

Yugoslavia, 164, 214