peripheral ties, 16

personal network, 4, 13–16, 30, 135, 207, 209, 212, 310n5

personhood, 311n10

pets, 295, 311n11

pet relationship scale, 31, 295

Philippines, 312n19

phone contact (telephone, phoning), 43, 44, 50–52, 73

physical activities. See under leisure activities

police department:

in Bakersfield, 35

in Hermiston, 35

positive imbalance. See under exchange

postmodern worldview, 109–110

premarital sex, 6

prestation, 86

pretest, 29–30, 32, 37, 291

private-restricted network type, 311n14

productive activities. See under leisure activities

psychosocial, 2, 9, 13, 16, 19, 37, 39, 48–63, 77–84, 117, 126, 147–151, 161–164

powerlessness, 21

Quangdong Province, 40

quasi-city block, 26

random ordering, 26

range, 42–43, 50–56, 61, 65, 67, 71–73, 77, 139, 161, 165, 171

reciprocity, 5, 85–105, 134, 211, 213, 311n16

regression, 90, 96, 116–117, 127, 139, 142, 151, 157, 160, 162, 164, 167, 190, 199, 203–204

hierarchical multiple, 90, 96

stepwise, 96, 117, 173, 185, 194

reliability, 22, 37–38, 68

religion, 14

religious participation, 111, 136, 140–141

residential proximity, 43, 50–52, 56, 61, 65, 74–75, 77, 139, 161, 171, 213

residential stability, 42, 90, 142

respect, 54–56, 64, 109, 111–112, 209, 291, 294, 305

response rate, 27, 29

restricted exchange. See under exchange

retirement, 168

role loss, 22

role types. See also daughter; daughter-in-law; friends/neighbors; non-kin; son; spouse, 45, 57, 104, 120, 129

sampling frame, 27

self-directness, 21

self-effacement, 37

self-efficacy, 20–21, 105

self-esteem, 9, 20–22, 38, 48, 52, 54, 61, 57, 112–113, 117, 120, 124, 126–128, 139–142, 147, 150–151, 153, 156–157, 160–164, 294–295, 303

self-rated health. See also perception of health, 166–168, 170, 203

self-worth, 38

senior center, 34–35, 137, 169

service support, 83–84, 190, 203

Shanghai, 298, 309n1

situation-centered, 130

social and leisure organization, 38, 153