| Chapter 2: | Theory |
Moreover, there is little agreement on how to measure many of the key concepts. This includes how the network is determined, what variables constitute the structure of the network, and which content domains deserve attention. An examination of some of the more important, earlier network studies in the aging literature typically finds few, and sometimes idiosyncratic, elements employed for analysis (Sokolovsky & Cohen, 1981; van Willigen, 1989).
Comparative studies of social networks remain a rarity. Fischer and Shavit’s (1995) comparison of American and Israeli networks is an extension of Fischer’s (1982) research in California, but it only deals with network density. A largescale comparison of seven nations—five in Europe plus Australia and the United States—by Höllinger and Haller (1990) found support for several modernization theory propositions. They include frequency of contact with network members and the provision of instrumental and emotional support, but they are concerned only with receiving support, not giving it. Neither of these studies is particularly concerned with older adults; in fact, Höllinger and Haller even exclude anyone over the age of 75.
As a consequence of this methodological anarchy, it has been all but impossible to compare research with a social-network focus. While greater consistency across studies is essential if there is ever to emerge a cumulative set of findings, it is clearly premature to define one set of criteria for all network studies. The diversity of interests that are potentially informed by a network strategy, and the variability in research skills and methodological preferences, are far too numerous to cram into a single methodological box. However, progress is more likely to the extent that basic agreement can be reached within particularly contentious areas. The approach profiled here can provide a basis for comparing studies, as well as comparing societies, using several key concepts relevant to the personal network of individuals. The following discussion details this approach, beginning with an overview of the two major aspects of networks: structure and content.