Acknowledgments
First, I want to thank the academic advisors for my doctoral studies at the University of Michigan, Professor Ronald Inglehart and Professor Marvin Peterson, both of whom served as models of scholarly life for me. They offered encouragement and guidance—the best things a student can ever wish for. Ron opened the door for me to the study of democratization and supported my studies, especially my dissertation effort. Marv always served as a source of knowledge, confidence, and stimulation. From him I learned how to live an academic life. Without their continuous and passionate encouragement and insightful advice, this project would not have been possible. Professor Janet Lawrence, Professor Mary Gallagher, and Professor Mark Tessler of the University of Michigan also played important roles in the making of this study. I want to thank especially Professor Janet Lawrence of the Center for the Studies of Higher and Postsecondary Education (CSHPE) for her care and assistance during my years in Ann Arbor.