1. Luís Kandjimbo, Apologia de Kalitanji (Luanda: INALD, 1997), 61–62.

2. Leonel Cosme, Crioulos e Brasileiros de Angola (Coimbra: Novo Imbondeiro, 2001), 57.

3. See Rosa Cruz e Silva, “O Nacionalismo Angolano, um Projecto em Construção no Século XIX?”, in Construindo o Passado Angolano: as Fontes e a sua Interpretação. Actas do II Seminário Internacional Sobre a História de Angola (Lisbon: CNCDP, 2000), 741–802.

4. Christine Messiant, “Sur la Première Génération du MPLA: 1948–1960, Mário de Andrade, Entretiens avec Christine Messiant”, in Lusotopie (Bordeaux: Institut d’Etudes Politiques, 1999), 189.

5. The year 1948 is a year marked by the foundation of the cultural movement known as “Movement of the New Intellectuals of Angola”, or Vamos Descobrir Angola [Let us discover Angola] whose purpose was to give expression to popular concerns and to promote the emergence of black African consciousness.