List of Figures

ix

Acknowledgments

xiii

Introduction

1

Background of the Problem

1

Social Paradigm Shifts

15

Statement of the Problem

27

Research Questions and Hypotheses

28

Limitations of the Study

30

Significance of the Study

32

Chapter 1: Background

33

Introduction

33

Learning, Education, and Training

34

Theories of Learning

48

Adult Learning and Education

71

Andragogy

78

Chapter 2: Research Design and Methodology

133

Conceptualization and Operationalization

135

Sample Design and Population

146

Research Design and Methodology

151

Data Analysis

173

Chapter 3: Results

179

Part I: Qualitative Analysis and Findings

179

Part II: Quantitative Analysis

256

Chapter 4: Discussion and Conclusion

279

Introduction

279

Thematic and Categorical Constructs

281

Summary and Conclusions

314

Appendices

317

A. Terms and Definitions

317

B. NJ Basic Police Training Curriculum

327

C. Letter of Introduction to Academy Directors

329

D. Letter of Introduction to Recruits

333

E. Academy Observation Form

335

F. Recruit Interview Recording Form

337

G. Police Recruit Pretraining Questionnaire

341

H. Pretraining Questionnaire Coding Chart

345

I. Police Recruit Posttraining Questionnaire

355

J. Posttraining Questionnaire Coding Chart

359

K. Posttraining Case Scenarios

369

L. Pretest Frequencies and Chi Square

379

M. Posttest Frequencies and Chi Square

399

N. Problem-Based Learning Assessments Frequency Tables—ANOVA

417

Notes

423

References

427

Index

445