Manners, Marilyn, 101

Manuel, Peter, 32, 120

Marshal Mathers. See Eminem

masculinity, 56–60, 62–63, 69–70, 72, 76–79, 81, 87–88, 141, 162

black masculinity, 54, 56, 62, 77, 79, 87, 162

mass media, 38, 79, 139

McLaren, Peter, 12

media, 11, 14–15, 17–21, 24, 26, 29, 34–38, 50, 52, 54–55, 57, 66, 71, 73, 83, 86–87, 90, 97–98, 105, 114–115, 117–119, 121, 124, 128, 131, 133, 142–143, 153, 156–157, 159, 163, 165

methodology, 12

listening with the third ear, 13, 115

misogyny, 61, 75, 81, 120, 124, 129, 131, 148, 151

Missy Elliot, 92, 110, 146, 151

Morgan, Joan, 74, 90, 100–101

Mos Def, 122, 172

Muslim Rappers, 148

Nas, 73, 126

Neal, Mark Anthony, 24

Ndegéocello, Me'Shell, 129–130

Nelly, 79–80, 93–94

Nicolini, Kim, 93

nip hop/j-hip hop, 175

Notorious B.I.G., 68, 71, 73

N.W.A., 52–53, 64–68

oppression, 20, 26, 32, 57, 64, 66, 68, 85, 90–91, 93, 99, 101, 109, 113–116, 145, 151, 173, 175

Osumare, Halifu, 139, 146

Outkast, 6, 128

Perry, Imani, 95, 99

Pharoahe Monch, 122

pimp, 74–76, 80, 85, 94, 96, 106

postmodernism, 19, 63, 100, 104, 120, 139–140

privilege, 5, 11, 47–48, 50, 57, 102, 142–143, 146, 152, 158

Public Enemy, 52, 65–66

Chuck D, 65–66, 128

Puff Daddy, 68, 72

Diddy, 68, 72, 158

Queen Latifah, 96, 160

Quinn, Eithne, 23

racism, 18, 41, 48–50, 54–55, 57, 64–65, 86–88, 127, 142, 144, 146–147, 151, 154, 159–160, 162–163, 168, 172, 174–177

racist, 18, 33, 64–66, 68–69, 77, 88, 127–128, 141, 147

Radford-Hill, Sheila, 102

Ro, Ronin, 52–53, 72–73, 75, 174

root metaphors, 5, 17, 25, 27, 31, 35, 37, 53, 73, 134, 159

Rose, Tricia, 18, 100, 119–120

Run-DMC, 52, 145