| Chapter : | Brief Introduction to the Herati Dialect |
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12. There is a frequent use of the prefix -ak in different forms of verbs:
- a) it is a part of the present stems of the verbs “to fall” and “to stand, stop”: miftekam, miftiki, miftekε, and so forth; mistεkom, mistiki, bestekam, bistiki, nastiki, and so forth;
- b) it can be joined to the imperative of any verb (the final -k may drop): pâk bošurak, tamiz ko, bâz bιyâya (<bιyâyak), xošk konak-“make [the baby] clean and tidy, then go ahead and rub it dry” (for more details, see Ioannesyan 2007, 268-269);
- c) it is often attached to a verb in the past absolute: bə Erât bə kodu tapə xunê šomâ budak?-“on what hill was your house [located] in Herat?”
- Apparently, in the latter two cases, the suffixed forms are more informal than the non-suffixed.
- 13. In the verbs formed with dar- or war-/wor- (< bar-) the continuous prefix mi-/mê- is added to the verbal element (as in Persian and in contrast to Afghan Persian generally and Tajiki): dar-miyâyε-pres. third-pers. sing. of the verb “to enter (a certain state).”
- 14. The past participle has only the -a/-ε ending. It does not take on the suffix -gi even when used as an attribute or predicate (in contrast to Afghan Persian generally and Tajiki): morġ-e baryânkadε (< beryânkardε)-“broiled chicken,” dasmâl-e garden-i am ba gardan andâxtε-yε-“his scarf is thrown over his neck.”
- 15. The infinitive can be “full” and “incomplete” (not to be confused with the short infinitive). The “incomplete” infinitive does not have the -n ending and is consequently phonetically identical with the past participle. It is most regularly used with the verb “to be able” but, in contrast to Afghan Persian generally and Tajiki, is often placed after the verb. The alternative for the infinitive with the verb “to be able” is the subjunctive mood form: emruz tu mituni kâr koni, emruz tu mituni bêlzadä (< bêlzadan)-“you can work today, you can dig with a shovel today.”
- 16. As generally in Afghan Persian, the causative verbs with their past stems ending in -št, -st, -xt are derived from the past stem. However, some of the verbs with the strictly intransitive meaning in the dialect of Kabul combine both transitive and intransitive meaning in Herati (similarly to Persian) and consequently do not necessarily require the use of the causal suffix -ân/-un to make the verb transitive. The employment of the causative form derived from such verbs is therefore optional: darwâzê xuna-r šekastân-“he broke the house door”, kuzâ beškasti-“you broke the earthen vessels.”