nature of science (continued)

basic science, 24–25

“mirroring,”, xxix, 3, 17

National Science Education Standards (NSES), xxxiii–xxxiv, 2, 4, 6, 9–11, 14, 18, 23, 26, 28, 32, 36, 40, 47–48, 55, 63, 89, 137–138, 149–151, 153, 168

negative, xliv, 10, 13, 51, 53, 82–93, 121–124, 138, 142, 146

New Standards Project, 25, 183

observations, 25, 51, 95, 140, 151, 155

operationalization, 8, 111, 131

pedagogy, xxvi–xxxvi, xli, xliv, 3–4, 8, 12, 14, 18, 24, 26, 31, 38–40, 45, 54, 60–61, 68, 111, 115, 125, 129–131, 136, 138–139, 142–145, 147

perception, xxxiii, 2, 35, 82–84, 89–90, 100, 113, 121, 126, 139, 144, 146, 185

personal theory(ies), 34, 38

positive, xxxii, xl, xliii–xliv, 13, 51, 82–85, 89–90, 92–93, 121–124, 132, 138–139, 142–143, 146, 167

prediction, 25, 30, 33, 69, 162–163

problem-solving, xlvi, 20, 24–25, 30, 37, 44, 88, 90, 150, 182, 184

procedure, 5, 7, 20, 23–24, 28, 30, 35, 69, 79, 85, 106, 121, 136, 163, 165

process skills, processes, xxv, xxviii, xxxiv, xliii, 2, 14, 23–24, 26, 29–30, 35, 38, 180, 182

professional development, xxii, xxviii, xliv, 11–12, 20–22, 49, 173, 177, 181, 186

Progressive education, 18

qualitative, 51–53, 60–68

quantitative, 51–53, 67

questions

open-ended, 17, 33, 43, 87

student-centered, xxvi, xxxiii, 4, 6, 15, 17, 27–30, 32, 41, 44, 49, 55, 59, 86, 88, 90, 92–93, 97, 125–134, 142–144, 181

teacher-centered, 15, 29, 41, 58, 90–91, 93, 133–134, 144

reciprocity, 63–64

reform

reform-minded, xxx, 142

reliability, xxxviii, xxxix, 51, 56–57, 64, 70, 75, 89, 119, 136, 140, 181

Repeated Measures Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), 68

Research in Science Education I (RISE I), 44