instrument, xxx, 52–54, 57, 67, 70, 77–78, 81, 105, 108, 119, 130, 133, 137, 140, 150, 153

intellectualization, 6, 10, 13, 53, 87, 111, 125, 131–132, 136

inter-rater reliability, 75

internalization, 8, 10, 112–113, 147

interview, 60–63

investigation, xxvi, xxix, xxxii–xxxiii, xxxv–xxxvi, xxxviii, xli–xliii, 3–4, 6–9, 13, 20, 23, 25–29, 34, 38–39, 48, 69, 74, 95–96, 100, 113, 126–127, 131, 142–143, 156, 158–160, 162–163, 166, 177, 181

Iowa-Secondary Science Teacher Education Program (Iowa-SSTEP), xxix, xxxii, 47, 117, 135

isolation, 31

journal, 96, 143, 150–152, 154–155, 173–180, 182, 184–187

kit-based science, xxviii

learning cycle, 27, 88, 90, 92, 154, 168, 176, 182

lecture, xxvii–xxviii, xliii, 18, 38, 44, 126, 145, 167

limitation, xxxix, 94, 98, 124, 139–141

MANOVA. See.also Repeated Measures Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)., xxxviii, 68, 73, 101, 120, 128, 136

mentor, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvii, xli–xlv, 11, 13, 40, 53, 62, 68, 81–86, 89–90, 92–93, 118, 121–124, 127, 132, 136, 138, 142–143, 145–146, 182–183, 188

misconceptions. See.also alternative conceptions., 23, 33, 37, 39–41, 43–44, 154

modeling, 11, 32, 84, 90, 93, 141

Modified Open Inquiry Framework (OIF), xxi–xxix, 52, 55, 57–58, 69–73, 78–81, 103, 105–110, 114, 117–120, 130, 136–138, 147, 166

National Association for Research in Science Teaching (NARST), xxxiv

National Defense Education Act, xxviii

National Research Council (NRC), xxiii, xxv, xxx, xxxiii–xxxiv, 2, 4–6, 9–11, 14, 17–23, 25–29, 39, 47, 55–56, 125, 141

nature of science, xxiii, xxix, 21, 24, 27–28, 40, 149–150, 161, 173, 185–186

applied science, 24