vacuum. See childbirth, instrumental

vaginal birth. See childbirth, vaginal

van Doesum, K. T., 4

Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC)

defined, 120

planned, defined, 140

rates of, 120

Ventura, S. J., 6

vertex, defined, 116

Veurink, M., 47

Villar, J., 138n1

Vincent, M., 6, 38

violation. See Expectancy violation

Waldenstrom, U., 4

walking epidural, defined, 72

Washington (state), 157

Wax, J. R., 27, 160, 171

Wei, S., 38

Wei, S-Q., 38

Wertz, R. W., 19

Wheeler, T. L., 53

Wiegers, T. A., 158

Williams, B., 131, 188

Williams, C., 65

Wittmann–Price, R. A., 22

World Bank, 20

World Health Organization (WHO), 5, 73, 142, 159

World Health Organization & the Pan American Health Organization, 31, 66

Wong, C., 69, 71–74

x-ray, pelvic, 47

Xu, J. Q., 20

Yin, R. K., 15

Zhang, J., 5, 64