acceleration. See labor acceleration

active labor management, 37–38, 104–105

guidelines for, 37

age

gestational, 31

maternal, 33

agency, 191

Alfirevic, Z., 35

Ali, U. A., 40

American College of Nurse Midwives, 74, 160

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), 2, 10, 25, 31, 69, 72, 139, 141, 143, 160, 171

American Medical Association, 10

American Public Health Association, 160

American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia (ASATFOA), 72

American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), 69

Amniotomy

active labor management and, 37

defined, 6

statistics on, 9

anal sphincter injury, 39

analgesia

combined spinal epidural, 70, 72, 77

analgesia (continued)

defined, 70

epidural, defined, 6

epidural, rates of, 6

spinal, defined, 6

systemic, 34, 110

analysis of interview material, 180, 192

Anderson, R. E., 29, 158

anesthesia, definedSee also twilight birth, 70

Anim-Somuah, M., 72–73

Anonymous, 2, 10

antibiotics. See intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP)

anxiety, 98, 102

Arms, S., 46

Armstrong, E., 2, 189

attachment, 119

attrition, research sample, 19

auscultation, 21, 35–36, 52, 64

autonomy. See maternal autonomy

Ayers, S., 4, 12, 187

Bahl, R., 40

Baltimore, R. S., 6, 9

Benzon, H., 70–71

Berghella, V., 53, 139

Betrán, A. P., 119

bias

professional, 158

researcher, 13, 192–195

birth. See childbirth

Birthplace of England Initiative, 160

bladder, 124