MacDorman, M. F., 8, 23, 116, 119, 157, 172, 177

Martin, J. A., 4–7, 26, 28, 45, 47, 140, 177

Maternal age. See age, maternal

Maternal

autonomy, 10, 161, 178–179

care paradigms, defined See also paradigms, 42

mortality. See mortality, maternal

resilience, 137, 155

responsibility, 10, 186, 189

rights, 2, 10, 144, 181

McGrath, P., 153

McMahon, M. J., 140

Meddings, F., 143, 153

medicolegal, liability and policy, 142, 152

Meikle, S. F., 7

Melzack, R., 71–72

Menacker, F., 116, 119, 140–141, 152

meningitis, epidural and, 73

midwife-attended birth in hospital rates of, 5

out-of-hospital birth, 157–160

credentialing, 158

Miller, D. T., 13

Mitchell, M., 193

Moleti, C. A., 31

monitoring

electronic fetal (EFM), defined, 35

internal, defined, 2

manual (auscultation), defined, 35

moral pioneers, 65

morphine. See opiates (morphine) mortality

cesarean and, 118, 138n1, 141–142, 161

home birth and, 160–161

maternal, 18n2, 19–20, 40, 46

neonatal(defined), 8, 19–20, 46, 159

Moustakas, C., 13, 16, 192

Mozurkewich, E., 9, 35, 66

Mueller-Heubach, E., 39

Murkoff, H., 2, 189

Murphy, D. J., 40

Namey, E. E., 97

National Institutes of Health. See United States National Institutes of Health

National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, 160

natural birth. See childbirth, natural

neonatal special care

cesarean and, 118

epidural and, 72

Netherlands, 158

Nguyen, U. D., 73

Nitrous oxide, 74

Nystedt, A., 72

O’Hara, M. W., 16

Ohlsson, A., 6, 9

Olde, E., 92, 118

Olsen, O., 161

Olson, J. M., 12, 103

operative delivery. See childbirth, instrumental

opiates (morphine)

epidural and, 6

in systemic analgesia, 34