Oregon, 157

Osterman, M. J., 33, 69, 74, 176

O’Sullivan, G., 6

oxygen

epidural and, 73

labor anesthesia and, 70

pain and, 71

oxytocin

active labor management and, 37

Institute of Safe Medical Practices and, 38

labor acceleration and, 6

rates of administration, 6, 38

Pace, M. C., 80

pain

expected pain treatment, 21, 31–34

painless childbirth, 70–71

receptors and, 71

pain treatment. See analgesia; also see anesthesia

Pang, P. W., 22

paradigms, maternal care

holistic, defined, 42

humanistic, defined, 42

technocratic, defined, 42

participants, described, 15–16

Pates, J. A., 38

pelvic

perineal tear, grades of, 53

perineum, 53

Perl, L. M., 143

Perlow, J. H., 85

phenomenological research method, 175

Phillips, E., 143–153

physicians, birth attendants, 4–5

Pitcock, C. D., 70

Pitocin, explainedSee also oxytocin., 6

planned repeat cesarean delivery (PRCD), defined, 140

Poole, J. H., 70, 72

postpartum

distress, 4

interviews, 15–16

pain, 12

Powell, J., 40

precipitous labor. See labor, precipitous

pregnancy, low risk, defined and rates of, 22

psychological

effects of cesarean, 118

effects of VBAC, 152

processes in pain, 71

Queen Victoria, 70, 72–73

Ramsey, P. S., 31

Rawal, N., 72

Read, G. D., 70

research

bias. See bias, researcher

qualitative, 175, 192

quantitative, 15

sample and sample size, 15–16

resilience. See maternal resilience

Reynolds, F., 34, 106

Rich, A., xiii

Roberts, R. G., 141

Roberts, S. P., 73

Robinson, J., 37