Commodore Robert F. Stockton, 1795–1866: Protean Man for a Protean Nation
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Commodore Robert F. Stockton, 1795–1866: Protean Man for a Protea ...

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Table of Contents

List of Figures

xiii

Introduction

1

Protean Stockton

2

Four Commodores

4

He Could Not Be a Common Man

5

Chapter 1: Educating Stockton

7

Four Generations of Leaders

7

Lord Admiral Nelson's Lessons

9

Afloat and Ashore

16

Fighting the Barbary States

24

Learning How to Duel

28

Stockton's First Independent Command

35

Chapter 2: Stockton's First Acts of “Creative Disobedience” in Command: 1820–1822

37

Getting a Command in a Peacetime Navy

37

The First Cruise of USS Alligator: The Taking of Jeune Eugenie

45

The Second Cruise of USS Alligator: Trouble Again, Taking the Marianna Flora

50

The Third Cruise of USS Alligator: Stockton Loses His Balance in Creative Disobedience

59

Chapter 3: Stockton's Climb to Power: 1822–1843

63

On the Beach, 1822

63

Stockton's New Model: John Potter of Charleston

64

Fistfight at a Nominating Convention

66

1828: Passing the Baton from Father to Son

70

Stockton's Search for Acclaim on a Southern Plantation

72

The Challenge of Canal-Building

77

“The Marriage Act” Defends Stockton's Canal Investment

80

Defending the Monopoly

89

Keeping His Connections to the Navy

91

1837—The Critical Year

93

Recall to Duty, 1838

99

Regime Change—Stockton as Whig

104

Stockton's Dream Warship

108

Stockton Arrives

112

Chapter 4: Stockton's Technology Duel, 1844

113

Stockton's Scientific Presentation to the American Philosophical Society, 1846

113

Competing with Perry

114

Defeat Snatched from the Jaws of Victory

123

Contrary Findings

129

Finding a Scapegoat

132

Chapter 5: Jumping the Gun, 1844–1845

137

The Crew of USS Princeton Saves Philadelphia

137

Stockton's Covert Texas Affair

147

Chapter 6: Stockton's Conquest of California: 1846–1848

157

Sealed Orders from the Secretary of the Navy

157

Stockton Unleashed

173

Brigadier General Kearny Ruins Stockton's War

195

On to Los Angeles

200

The Uneasy Triumvirate Breaks Apart

216

Stockton's California Epilogues

226

Stockton's California Land Speculation

226

How Have Historians Evaluated Stockton's California Exploits?

230

Chapter 7: Receiving Stockton Home from the War: Censure or Celebration? November 1847–February 1848

239

Unexpected Reception

240

The Charges Against Frémont

242

The Commodore's Testimony

248

Celebrations and the All-Mexico Movement

253

Chapter 8: Duels for the Survival of the Joint Companies’ Monopoly: 1848–1849

259

Investigations of the Joint Companies’ Monopoly

259

New Jersey State Assembly Launches an Investigation

262

The Conqueror of California Finally Answers His Critics, 1849

265

And the Winner Is…

278

Chapter 9: Duels as a U.S. Senator and First Run for Presidential Nomination: 1851–1853

281

The Kossuth Hysteria, 1851

283

Stockton and the Campaign to End Flogging

286

March 1852—Stockton's Rubicon

301

Stockton Resigns as Senator

315

Chapter 10: Railroad and Steamboat Disasters, 1855–1856

317

Dangers of the Camden and Amboy Railroad

317

The Stockton-Van Rensselaer Letters

331

Burning of the New Jersey, March 15, 1856

338

Chapter 11: Reaching for the Presidency: 1856

345

The American Party, a.k.a. the Know-Nothings

345

First Run for the American Party Nomination, February 1856

350

Second Run for the American Party Nomination, June 1856

355

Third Run for the American Party Nomination, June 17, 1856

359

The Grapes Were Sour!

362

Chapter 12: The Gauntlet Begins to Slip: 1857–1861

367

The Commodore's Waning Power in New Jersey Official Politics

367

The Commodore's Campaign for Peace in Quasi-Politics

370

Stockton Returns to New Jersey, and Events Leave Him Behind

377

Chapter 13: The Final Chapter—Go Down Dueling: 1862–1866

381

Railroad War in New Jersey, 1859–1860

381

The Federal Government Versus the Joint Companies, 1864

385

Stockton's Final Retreat at Sea Girt Farm

393

After Stockton

400

Appendix: Essential Stockton Documents

403

Stockton's Letter to the Bank of England, August 1837

404

Public Correspondence between Rev. Cortlandt Van Rensselaer and Commodore Robert F. Stockton, October 1856, in Regard to the Railroad Disaster on the Camden and Amboy

407

Commodore Stockton's Letter of Acceptance of the American Party's Nomination for President, 1856

437

Speech of Commodore Robert F. Stockton on the Past, Present, and Future of the American Party. Delivered in the City of Camden, NJ, on August 4, 1859

442

Endnotes

459

Bibliographic Essay

547

General Biographical Works

547

Stockton and USS Alligator and Voyages to Africa and the Caribbean, 1821–1823

549

Stockton and the Joint Companies: 1830–1866

550

Stockton and the Nativists: 1844 and 1856

551

Stockton and Texas, 1845

552

Stockton's Adventures in California, 1846–1847

552

Court-martial, 1847–1848

554

Comparing Stockton's Naval Career with Those of Other Contemporary Commodores: Uriah P. Levy, Samuel F. DuPont, and Matthew Calbraith Perry

555

Stockton and his Disasters: The Peacemaker Explosion, 1844; the Burlington Railroad Crash, 1855; and the Burning of the New Jersey Ferryboat, 1856

556

Stockton as “Northern Southerner”: Sugar Cane Plantation (1830) and Gold Mining (1848)

559

Stockton as U.S. Senator, 1851–1853

560

Stockton as Democratic Nominee, February-June 1852

561

Stockton as American Party (Know-Nothing Party) Nominee, Spring-Summer 1856

561

Stockton and the Peace Movement, 1859–1860

563

Bibliography

565

Index

605